
Its complex recent history includes the Persian Gulf War, the Iran Hostage Crisis, the Yom Kippur War and more. Learn how the Six-Day War between Israel and its Palestinian Arab rivals — Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq — redrew the map of the Middle East in 1967.
Egypt in Africa also borders the Mediterranean and is sometimes considered as part of the Middle East, while Turkey and Cyprus literally connect Europe to Asia and oscillate between being called European and Middle Eastern.
The Middle East lies at the juncture of Africa and Eurasia and of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (see also: Indo-Mediterranean).
Historically, the central part of the Middle East was called the Near East, a name given to it by some of the first modern Western geographers and historians to refer to the region of the Orient nearest Europe, extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. Middle East referred to the region from the Persian Gulf to Southeast Asia.
It also includes all of Egypt (not just the Sinai region) and all of Turkey (including East Thrace). Most Middle Eastern countries (13 out of 18) are part of the Arab world. The three most populous countries in the region are Egypt, Iran, and Turkey, while Saudi Arabia is the largest Middle Eastern country by area.
The term the "Greater Middle East" also includes Afghanistan, Mauritania, Pakistan, as well as parts of East Africa, and sometimes Central Asia and the South Caucasus. The term "Middle East" may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office.
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